How do neurotransmitters function within the nervous system?

Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the nervous system by facilitating communication between neurons. When an electrical impulse, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron (the presynaptic terminal), neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between neurons. These chemical messengers then travel across the synapse and bind to specific receptors on the surface of the receiving neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). This binding can lead to a variety of responses depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor involved, such as the generation of a new action potential or modulation of neuronal activity.

This process is essential as it allows rapid and precise transmission of signals across the nervous system, enabling everything from muscle contractions to the processing of sensory information. Neurotransmitters must function effectively to ensure proper communication and coordination within the nervous system, making their role central to neural function.