How does stress impact physiological processes?

Stress significantly impacts physiological processes, primarily through its activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. When an individual experiences stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which then stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone acts on the adrenal glands, prompting them to produce and release cortisol, a key stress hormone.

Cortisol plays several critical roles during stress responses, including increasing blood sugar levels to provide immediate energy, modulating immune responses, and influencing mood and cognition. The release of cortisol is intended to prepare the body to respond to a perceived threat, often referred to as the 'fight or flight' response. Consequently, understanding the activation of the HPA axis and its role in increasing cortisol secretion during stress helps clarify how physiological processes are altered in response to stressors.

The other choices misrepresent the effects of stress. For example, stress does not decrease cortisol levels; instead, it leads to their elevation. Stress typically accelerates physiological processes such as metabolism to prepare the body for quick responses rather than slowing them down, and it may actually impair immune function rather than enhance it, especially with chronic stress