What differentiates the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is defined by its composition, which includes the brain and spinal cord. This system serves as the main control center for processing information and coordinating responses throughout the body. It integrates sensory data, generates thoughts, emotions, and memories, and oversees voluntary motor functions.

In contrast, the peripheral nervous system includes all neural structures outside the central nervous system, primarily consisting of sensory and motor neurons that extend to the limbs and organs. Therefore, identifying the central nervous system by its unique components (the brain and spinal cord) distinctly differentiates it from the peripheral nervous system.

The other options do not correctly characterize the distinction between the central and peripheral nervous systems. For instance, the responsibility for learning and memory primarily resides within the central nervous system's structures. Likewise, while the central nervous system does regulate involuntary actions, this is part of a broader integration of functions that occur within its realm. Finally, the peripheral nervous system contains not only neurons but also glial cells, which support and protect the neurons, making the statement that it consists solely of glial cells inaccurate.