What is a common effect of chronic stress on the body?

Chronic stress leads to the prolonged activation of the stress response, primarily driven by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. When an individual experiences chronic stress, the body remains in a heightened state of alertness, which means that the physiological responses associated with stress—such as the release of cortisol and adrenaline—continue over an extended period. This ongoing activation can have several negative consequences on health, including increased risks for cardiovascular disease, weakened immune response, digestive issues, and mental health disorders like anxiety and depression.

The long-term presence of stress hormones can disrupt normal bodily functions, leading to various health issues. For example, elevated cortisol levels over time can impair memory and cognitive functions rather than enhance them, contrary to what is suggested in one of the other options. Additionally, while acute stress can temporarily boost immune function due to adrenaline, chronic stress actually diminishes it, making individuals more susceptible to illness. The body's relaxation response, which helps reduce heart rate and promote calmness, is also suppressed when stress is prolonged, further indicating that chronic stress is marked by sustained activation rather than relaxation.