Why does cognitive function typically decrease with aging?

Cognitive function typically decreases with aging primarily due to a reduction in synaptic connections. As individuals age, there is a natural decline in the number of neurons and synapses, which are crucial for effective communication within the brain. This reduction can lead to slower processing speeds, diminished memory capabilities, and decreased cognitive flexibility.

Synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, is essential for learning and memory. When synaptic connections diminish, the efficiency of neural networks that underlie cognitive processes is impaired. Additionally, age-related changes in neurotransmitter systems can further contribute to cognitive decline.

While neural activity can change with age, it is not characterized by a general increase in activity; rather, specific areas may show altered patterns of activity that do not necessarily correlate with improved cognitive function. Lack of stimulation and improved sensory processing are not the primary causes of cognitive decline, as mental engagement can positively impact cognitive health, and sensory processing tends to vary among individuals rather than universally improving with age.